Accounting & Bookkeeping Services in Lancaster

accounting Services in Lancaster

They excel in tax planning, offering tailored strategies for savings and growth. Their in-depth business consultations identify areas for improvement, while their reviews provide invaluable insights for informed decision-making. With McClarigan CPA, you get more than just financial advice; you get a trusted partner committed to your success.

Our Accounting and Tax Services

accounting Services in Lancaster

Whether you want to create a budget, plan for tax season, or project future earnings, hiring an accountant is beneficial for the future of your business and personal finances. What if you knew a way out that placed your business in a better position? We offer advice on everything from tax preparation to financial acquisitions to day-to-day business operating costs. As financial experts, we look at the numbers and provide you with accurate projections so you can see the future. We want our clients to succeed, which is why we always look for opportunities to boost growth and build more stable positions for you to work from. Your business is more than the numbers, but to accountants, that’s our entire world.

More Offices in Southcentral Pennsylvania

I do not like the desk work of owning a company and that is why I appreciate McClarigan CPAs to keep us accountable with our financials and give us direction. I would recommend this firm to anybody that is looking for quality service and a well-rounded team. They are extremely attentive to detail and are willing to https://www.bookstime.com/bookkeeping-services/hillsboro help with any questions we’ve had. The tax planning, they have helped us with has saved us a lot of money. I would highly recommend them to anyone seeking tax planning and advice. McClarigan CPAs has been doing our taxes & payroll for over 10 years for our business.

accounting Services in Lancaster

Personalized accounting, audit, tax, and business advisory services for your every need

  • Since we offer a wide range of accounting and consulting services, we can customize solutions to meet your specific needs.
  • Your financial records reflect the results of your operations, but it also shows the financial position of your business.
  • With years of accredited training and expertise across a wide range of fields, no financial issue is too complex for us to tackle.
  • Whether you want to create a budget, plan for tax season, or project future earnings, hiring an accountant is beneficial for the future of your business and personal finances.

The one that stands out the most is their genuine concern about the financial health and well-being of their clients. Your business entity has a large impact on your taxes and other liabilities. From your company’s inception through its growth and development, McClarigan CPAs & Advisors can advise you on choosing an entity type and later restructuring if necessary. Enjoy the benefits of having the attention and dedication of your own business planner through a team of highly skilled and experienced advisors at Smoker & Company LLC. Not only do we help with assisting with your business finances, but we will ensure your books are accurate so your business bookkeeping is doing the things it’s designed to do and generating profits.

accounting Services in Lancaster

accounting Services in Lancaster

Lancaster is growing and bettering itself every day, and the businesses that call Lancaster home are responding to ever-growing opportunities and challenges. Are you doing everything you can to make sure your Bookkeeping Services in Lancaster business is profitable and set up for a bright future? The Gift CPAs team is ready to help you make the most of everything the Lancaster business scene has to offer, with professional accounting services that go beyond minimum requirements. For more than 120 years, The Beistle Company has manufactured party goods and decorations with a dedicated team based in Central Pennsylvania. Beistle has built its success on a strong value system, and found a tax and accounting partner, with Walz Group, that is equally focused on building a team of knowledgeable, hard-working professionals.

Best Construction Accounting Software 2024 Forbes Advisor INDIA

best bookkeeping software for construction

This software platform is best for contractors seeking detailed bids from subcontractors and vendors to have the most comprehensive pre-project data. If your construction business is growing quickly and you’re finding it hard to keep everyone on the same page, then CMiC is the software I recommend. Its collaboration suite keeps all of your project bids, schedules, and summary data in one place so that nothing gets lost. For a company with a lot of employees and subcontractors to keep track of, I recommend Foundation for its extensive payroll and timekeeping features. Also, JOBPOWER allows you to set up hourly rates to charge to jobs when owned equipment is used, as well as track repairs and maintenance by equipment.

  • Break silos and improve cash flow with tools that keep everyone on the same page.
  • Also, it has a mobile app for tracking time worked by employees, but the app lacks basic accounting features like invoicing and expense tracking.
  • Construction accounting software can provide financial reporting that gives you better insight into your operations.
  • Also, its mobile app could have earned a higher mark if it had accounting features instead of focusing only on project management.
  • No matter how large your facility is or how many projects you have on the go, Clue makes sure that every task is managed, captured updates, and there are no details left undiscovered.
  • While customers like its clear dashboard and straightforward financial statements, COINS struggled to get users up to speed during its last update.

QuickBooks – Most affordable

It has a strong reputation as a reliable brand within the construction industry. The online pricing comes at different subscription levels depending on what you need. Please note, the higher the subscription level, the more features you get. Invest in QuickBooks training to take advantage of the on-premise or cloud-based applications.

best bookkeeping software for construction

Other Construction Accounting Software Options

  • This feature is only available to QuickBooks Online Plus and Online Advanced customers.
  • I allocated extra credits to cloud-based construction accounting software, as I believe it is generally easier to use than locally installed programs.
  • Premier is the most comprehensive construction accounting software on our list, earning the best overall.
  • This robust feature set — as well as training on how to use it — makes Foundation a good fit for a wide range of construction companies.
  • Vista cuts across the whole organization and has solutions for all the different departments in your business, including project management, human resources, service management, and accounting.
  • Additionally, Vista users can access Viewpoint Analytics to visualize construction data like daily logs, RFIs, and submittals.

Depending on your needs, Procore may be all you need to keep your finances organized and trackable. It’s a well-known tool that does the job well, provided you have the budget to pay for their service. Construction firms have unique and dynamic accounting needs, managing the costs of materials and labor against the value of a project. That’s why contractors need the best accounting software with features tailor-made for the construction industry. These are features like inventory management, the ability to convert quotes and estimates to invoices and invoicing based on your team’s hours worked.

  • Marketed to smaller businesses, this software is a great starting point for start-ups and smaller construction teams who lack the funds for some of the more construction-specific options.
  • Information is gathered on a regular basis and reviewed by our editorial team for consistency and accuracy.
  • QuickBooks is the accounting platform that every competitor strives to match.
  • You can import progress photos or document issues, access files from the mobile app, and share documents with clients and team members.
  • Viewpoint Vista—a Trimble application—is a comprehensive construction accounting and ERP system that’s best for mid-sized to large companies.
  • They also set new clients up with a call with one of their QuickBooks experts for a free, guided set-up.

Premier Construction Software: Best Overall Construction Accounting Software

A big name in construction business management software, Builder Trend is a provider of day-to-day management systems built specifically for the construction industry. QuickBooks is best for smaller construction teams of 1-10 people or start-ups looking for a cost-effective method to managing their finances. Although packed full of useful features, there is a noticeable lack of construction-specific tools and project-based reporting. These platforms often do not adequately address the unique challenges of the construction industry, such as project-based budgeting, cost-value reconciliation, and subcontractor construction bookkeeping management.

best bookkeeping software for construction

Easy-to-Use Accounting & Bookkeeping Features

best bookkeeping software for construction

This robust https://www.inkl.com/news/the-significance-of-construction-bookkeeping-for-streamlining-projects feature set — as well as training on how to use it — makes Foundation a good fit for a wide range of construction companies. Construction accounting places a lot of focus on accurate job estimating and costing. It uses a cash basis accounting and construction contractors should consult with a tax advisor to get the best tax strategy for their business.

Here are seven accounting software options we consider to be some of the best on the market, with likes and dislikes about each platform highlighted. Construction Accounting by Computer Ease is a software solution that tells you where each job stands in various ways. It can tell you what the real costs are versus the actual costs, the percentage of each job completed, cash flow and profitability. Project management is critical to meeting budgets on your construction sites. Jonas Premier provides you with a customizable dashboard that gives you the insights you need to manage every aspect of the job.

Curso de Programação Online

Ter a capacidade de aproveitar essa flexibilidade e experiência com muitas linguagens de programação é exatamente o que o tornará atraente para os empregadores. Quando seu projeto é apoiado por uma comunidade mundial, isso significa que você tem amplas oportunidades de encontrar e trabalhar em construções interessantes e pessoas incríveis. Outro fator positivo desta linguagem é que sua comunidade é grande, ativa e acolhedora para pessoas de todos os níveis e habilidades. Enquanto nas universidades você terá um conhecimento mais teórico, estudando as mais diversas áreas da ciência da computação, o bootcamp é focado exclusivamente em programação, um dos campos na área tecnológica. É assim que funcionam os bootcamps, você vai passar horas ao longo das semanas pensando, respirando e consumindo programação.

Todos os dias, durante a tarde ou noite

  • De acordo com estudo do PMI Institute, divulgado em 2019, 64% dos problemas em empresas brasileiras derivam de falhas de comunicação.
  • Além disso, o Infnet oferece uma sólida rede de contatos no setor, o que pode abrir portas para oportunidades de emprego e networking.
  • Ao concluir o Bootcamp, as participantes recebem um certificado digital e têm seus currículos encaminhados para empresas parceiras.
  • Durante o curso, os alunos têm a oportunidade de interagir com profissionais da área, conhecer empresas e até mesmo conseguir uma oportunidade de emprego.

Para que você conheça um pouco da história, os campos de treinamento militar eram chamados de “boot camps” devido ao uso predominante de botas pelos recrutas. Atualmente, temos estudantes, graduados e parceiros na Europa, Ásia, África, EUA, Canadá e Austrália. Ajudaremos a criar currículos, cartas de apresentação, portfólios e a configurar todos os perfis de trabalho.

Bootcamp Desenvolvedor Web Full Stack

Bootcamp de programação

Por conta disso a curva de aprendizado é maior e menos produtiva, pois você pode levar muito mais tempo para produzir algo concreto. Não ter suporte de um profissional qualificado no momento dos estudos, pode acabar comprometendo a absorção do conhecimento. Então, essa modalidade de ensino também ampara aqueles que têm uma grande ideia de aplicativo, mas esbarram no problema de não saber programar e por conta da falta de conhecimento acabam deixando a ideia de lado. Eles aprendiam técnicas de defesa colocando a mão na massa e observando as armadilhas a sua frente.

Bootcamp de programação

Blocos, disciplinas e competências

Já no universo do empreendedorismo, um bootcamp pode ajudar as pessoas a colocarem sua ideia no papel e construírem um plano de negócio que seja sólido e eficaz. O nome bootcamp teve origem no exército, quando os soldados eram treinados para combater na Guerra Fria. Naquela época, o treinamento militar era construído de maneira a representar um campo de batalha real. Então continue a leitura que vamos te contar o que é um bootcamp, como ele funciona e todos os detalhes que você precisa conhecer. Ao final do atendimento, poderá falar com um de nossos consultores ao vivo via WhatsApp. Formamos dezenas de milhares de profissionais qualificados para a indústria.

NTT DATA New Talents #3 Java

Fique por dentro das estratégias e dicas que vão impulsionar a sua… Hoje faz parte do time da Tera usando o Marketing de Conteúdo como ferramenta para democratizar o conhecimento e transformar carreiras. Imagine, por exemplo, uma faculdade de Ciências da Computação, que inclui uma ampla gama de tópicos ao longo de seus 8 ou 10 semestres. Há disciplinas curso de desenvolvimento web sobre redes, sistemas operacionais e teorias da computação, que ajudam a compreensão do assunto, mas não podem ser diretamente aplicadas no dia a dia de uma pessoa desenvolvedora. A Vivo é uma das principais operadoras de telecomunicações do Brasil, fundada em 2003 como resultado da fusão das empresas Telefónica e Portugal Telecom.

Com essas habilidades, você estará apto a construir aplicações web que lidam com dados de maneira eficaz e segura. Este Bootcamp Desenvolvedor Full Stack foi cuidadosamente projetado para oferecer uma progressão lógica no aprendizado, começando desde as bases fundamentais do desenvolvimento web até as tecnologias mais avançadas. A tecnologia é uma linguagem universal que opera num mercado global, que está em constante mutação e onde surgem empresas e oportunidades novas todos os dias. Conheça as principais habilidades comportamentais que você poderá aprender num bootcamp de programação.

Compartilhe e ajude outros profissionais a se destacarem no mercado de tecnologia!

  • O formato flexível permite aprendizado profundo com estudos em Python, visualização de dados, Git, GitHub e muito mais.
  • Para se candidatar é necessário ter 18 anos ou mais e ensino superior completo ou em andamento na área.
  • Voltados para a eficiência, os treinamentos costumam ser ministrados online, com duração de algumas semanas apenas, de modo que sejam fáceis de encaixar na rotina dos profissionais.
  • A programação vai muito além do que construir um grupo de códigos que se conectam e dão origem a uma ferramenta virtual, ela pode ser considerada uma chave essencial para a resolução de problemas rotineiros e complexos.

Como o próprio nome diz, a etapa final é de construção do seu próprio projeto. Desde que você consiga tirar a ideia da cabeça e consiga materializar no mundo virtual, é válido. Ou seja, as instituições https://www.ocafezinho.com/desenvolvimento-web-alem-do-codigo-a-importancia-da-criatividade-e-oportunidades-na-area/ selecionam algum app interessante e pede para que os alunos construam uma cópia aproximada. Aqui, os alunos devem entregar um desafio prévio que tem o papel de introduzi-los no processo de imersão.

  • No entanto, é importante ressaltar que a colocação no mercado de trabalho não é garantida e depende do desempenho individual do aluno.
  • Ao final do atendimento, poderá falar com um de nossos consultores ao vivo via WhatsApp.
  • Qualquer pessoa pode inscrever-se na escola de programação, independentemente da sua idade, género ou formação académica.
  • Conheça uma linguagem dinâmica, com sintaxe simplificada e grande poder de programação.
  • Para os alunos que já possuem graduação completa, este Bootcamp Full Stack oferece título de pós.

Conhecer pessoas na indústria de tecnologia pode significar ter acesso a informações sobre oportunidades de emprego que de outra forma não seriam conhecidas. Além disso, ter conexões com profissionais de sucesso na área pode significar receber recomendações ou referências que podem ajudar a garantir uma entrevista ou até mesmo um emprego. Os bootcamps de programação tornaram-se populares nos últimos anos como uma maneira rápida e eficaz de aprender habilidades de programação e entrar no mundo da tecnologia. No entanto, além do treinamento técnico, outra vantagem importante dos bootcamps é a oportunidade de fazer networking e construir relacionamentos dentro da indústria de tecnologia. Uma das principais vantagens dos bootcamps de programação é que eles oferecem uma aprendizagem acelerada e prática. Os alunos são imersos em um ambiente de programação intenso, onde são desafiados a desenvolver projetos reais desde o início.

Mobile Developer Interview Questions

The user can move, going to some tunnel or area without WiFi or cellular network access. So the internet is not always available, or is not of the best quality. Loading tons of heavy data when users use their cellular network will drain their data packets and expose them to additional costs. The developer might provide an offline mode and different data loading behavior when working on WiFi, LTE, 3G or H; e.g., do not download movies or request lower-quality images. There are lot of tools that provide crash and usage reports from mobile apps.

  • Some people open with this question and end the conversation right there if the rate is higher than what they expected.
  • You can also ask follow-up mobile app developer interview questions, like, “Is there a similar project to what we’re building?
  • Properly assessing candidates’ traits and experience is one of the most critical steps to take before hiring an app developer.
  • With hands-on leadership and a passion for creating great products and teams, Diego brings 20 years of experience building software solutions for consumer electronics, medical, scientific, and enterprise communities.
  • He has excellent communication skills, significant customer-facing experience, and top-notch programming, debugging, and technical skills.

As one of your mobile app developer interview questions, you are asking applicants to establish their understanding when it comes to releasing a PWA. The process usually involves reusing select functionalities of the mobile and app web without having the need to rewrite the code from scratch. It is important for a mobile developer to keep the user experience in mind when designing apps because that is what will ultimately determine whether or not users will continue to use the app. There are a number of factors that go into the user experience, including the app’s design, functionality, and performance. Therefore, it is important for developers to consider all of these factors when creating an app. Mobile devices are often used on the go, which means that mobile apps need to be designed with user experience in mind.

Q15: What is the difference between GridView and ListView in Android?

Listen to what they have to say, and listen to the tone they give away when speaking with them. While a mobile app developer will list clients whom they have a good relationship with, consider asking https://remotemode.net/ if there were hurdles or problems along the way. The work atmosphere and culture could be very different from what the mobile app developer is used to, and therefore might not be the best fit.

mobile developer interview questions

Interview questions and answer examples and any other content may be used else where on the site. We do not claim our questions will be asked in any interview you may have. Our goal is to create interview questions and answers that will best prepare you for your interview, and that means we do not want you to memorize our answers. You must create your own answers, and be prepared for any interview question in any interview. Mobile app developers use a wide range of tools and frameworks, depending on the specific platform and development environment. Some commonly used development tools include Android Studio, Xcode, React Native, and Xamarin.

What challenges or obstacles did you encounter while developing your mobile application?

A responsive website is designed to adapt to different screen sizes and can be viewed on any device through a web browser. Keeping users engaged, keeping up with https://remotemode.net/become-a-mobile-developer/ bug fixes and updating app versions is part of the maintenance process. No one knows the ins and outs of your app better than your mobile app developer.

  • As a mobile developer, you’ll need to apply this pattern to create scalable and maintainable applications.
  • It is important because it enables a consistent user experience across different devices.
  • Some of the other points of difference between iOS and Android app development include monetization methods, app distribution channels, and the greater variability in screen sizes of Android devices.
  • Using this technique, elements can be placed in relation to other elements or screen edges.
  • The interviewer is trying to gauge the mobile developer’s understanding of the current state of the mobile development industry and what trends are affecting it.

Causes of Addiction: Biopsychosocial Model, Personality Theories and Neuropsychology

Dysfunctional family environments characterized by conflict, neglect, or abuse can increase the risk of addiction (Onyenwe & Odilbe, 2024). On the other hand, supportive relationships and strong social networks can act as protective factors. For example, variations in genes related to the dopamine system—such as the dopamine receptor D2 gene (DRD2)—can affect the brain’s reward system (Deak & Johnson, 2021).

Salvia Divinorum Addiction: Symptoms, Effects, Withdrawal Symptoms, and Treatment

biopsychosocial model of addiction

Rather, it evolved gradually as researchers and clinicians grappled with the limitations of earlier, more narrow approaches. In the 1970s, George Engel proposed this model as a way to understand health A Guide To Sober House Rules: What You Need To Know and illness more broadly. It wasn’t long before addiction specialists recognized its potential to shed light on the complexities of substance use disorders. These individuals may experience constant hyperarousal, hypervigilance, anxiety, and abuse drugs may be an effective way to regulate these emotional experiences (Felitti et al., 1998). Thus, numerous psychological factors and experiences can increase the risk of changing how one feels (or regulating emotions) via drugs of abuse. The more an individual’s needs are met within a drug culture, the harder it will be to leave that culture behind.

Psycho-social systems are concrete entities or groups whose members act in relation to each other, such as families, religious organizations, and political parties (Bunge 2004). Social processes in addiction are investigated by examining social categories such as networks, groups, organizations and subcultures that alone cannot be explained by neurobiology. Addiction consists of interacting biological and psychosocial mechanisms because the mechanism (e.g., the behaviour) contributing to addiction involves action within a social system.

Finding Meaning in Life: An Exploration of Existential Psychology

biopsychosocial model of addiction

Along with genetics, another contributing factor to the risk of addiction is one’s psychological composition. Some individuals may be more affected by the rewarding effects of drugs of abuse because they are trying their best to regulate painful emotions. This chapter aims to explain that people who use drugs participate in a drug culture, and further, that they value this participation. White (1996) draws attention to a set of individuals whom he calls “acultural addicts.” These people initiate and sustain their substance use in relative isolation from other people who use drugs. Examples of acultural addicts include the medical professional who does not have to use illegal drug networks to abuse prescription medication, or the older, middle-class individual who “pill shops” from multiple doctors and procures drugs for misuse from pharmacies. Although drug cultures typically play a greater role in the lives of people who use illicit drugs, people who use legal substances—such as alcohol—are also likely to participate in such a culture (Gordon et al. 2012).

Addiction: Understanding Its Nature, Causes, and Impact

biopsychosocial model of addiction

It’s like trying to climb out of a pit – the deeper the pit and the fewer the tools available, the harder the climb. Before the biopsychosocial model, addiction was often viewed through a single lens – be it purely biological, psychological, or social. These Models of Addiction provided valuable insights but failed to capture the full picture. It’s like trying to describe an elephant by touching only its trunk or its tail. Although there is no “addiction gene” to definitively identify a person as being at risk for addiction, it is evident through twin studies, adoption studies, family studies, and more recently, epigenetic studies that addiction has a genetic component.

The Biological Model of Addiction delves deep into these neurobiological changes. Addiction throws a wrench in the works, causing the machine to malfunction and demand more and more of the substance to function. It is obvious from the science that treatment of addictions will be best served by a combination of pharmacological agents and the psychological tools we have now,  integrated into a whole treatment program. Scientists don’t yet understand why some people become addicted while others don’t. Addiction tends to run in families, and certain types of genes have been linked to different forms of addiction.

Spiritual Dimension

Advances in neuroscience are changing how mental health issues such as addiction are understood and addressed as a brain disease. Although a brain disease model legitimizes addiction as a medical condition, it promotes neuro-essentialist thinking, categorical ideas of responsibility and free choice, and undermines the complexity involved in its emergence. We propose a ‘biopsychosocial systems’ model where psycho-social factors complement and interact with neurogenetics.

  • Mental health conditions like depression and anxiety are often both causes and effects of substance abuse.
  • Substance users, loved ones, and treatment providers need to realize that significant lifestyle changes are frequently required to replace the culture of addiction with a culture of recovery.
  • Even within such organizations, though, there is some cultural diversity; regional differences exist, for example, in meeting-related rituals or attitudes toward certain issues (e.g., use of prescribed psychotropic medication, approaches to spirituality).
  • They’ve shown that addiction is a long-lasting and complex brain disease, and that current treatments can help people control their addictions.
  • It’s like building a strong immune system – by addressing vulnerabilities on multiple fronts, we can increase resilience to addiction.

The multifaceted disorder needs a multifaceted conceptualization, and we find that in the biopsychosocial model of addiction (Marlatt & Baer, 1988). Rather than pinpoint the one thing that causes addiction, we now understand that a constellation of factors contributes to a person being more or less at risk for addiction. Notions of a pathologized self, deeply enmeshed with personal identity, may lead an individual to internally negotiate a relationship between the self and the brain (Dumit 2003). It may further challenge understandings of “accepted” identities, such as health seeking and rational, as opposed to “contested” identities, such as addict, intoxicated, and at-risk (Fry 2008). The latter may compromise an individual’s sense and experience of free will, being-in-the-world, perceptions of personal responsibility, and view abnormalities in dopamine pathways as fatalistic.

Advances in addiction research are increasingly being applied to gain deeper knowledge about the impact of drug use on brain structure and functioning, capacity, autonomy, free choice and decision-making, behaviour, treatment, and symptom reduction. While research of this kind raises important issues about identity, and notions of health and illness, the outcomes have implications for drug policy, health care systems and delivery, and treatment for substance use problems. The biopsychosocial systems model is grounded in systems theory in which knowledge occurs at the intersection of the subjective and the objective, and not as an independent reality. This is a radical departure from the traditional positivist epistemology, which relies on empirical study and material proof (Bunge 1979; Heylighen, Cilliers, and Gerschenson 2007).

Methadone Treatment for Opioid Addiction: Effectiveness, Risks, and Recovery

Accordingly, this cybernetic brain-environment interaction may trigger strong somatic signals such as desire, urge and anticipation (Verdejo-Garcia and Bechara 2009). In effect, this process may limit autonomy as it allows for “preference reversals” (Levy 2007a) to occur in situations where an individual would rather not use. There are several processes that actively contribute to substance use with inputs and outputs on biological and psycho-social levels. One example is drug craving that may be experienced as strong, intense urges for immediate gratification that may impair rational thought about future planning (Elster and Skog 1999). Factors such as drug availability within the environment can increase craving and consequently the vulnerability for relapse (Weiss 2005).

Psychological factors

Individuals who are genetically predisposed for addiction enter the world with a greater risk of becoming addicted at some point in their lives. Addictions subvert this normally helpful process and grow stronger over time, as the reward circuits in the brain are high-jacked. The Compass Of Pleasure explains this new complex understanding clearly, but without dumbing it down. The deontological principle of respect for persons is a characteristic feature of harm reduction efforts such as HAT. This ethical principle is justified and framed as a matter of human rights, which maintains that injection drug users, for example, have the right, like other less stigmatized members of society, to access medical and social services. This claim coincides with a recent emergence of a https://thecinnamonhollow.com/a-guide-to-sober-house-rules-what-you-need-to-know/ global advocacy movement that seeks to construct the use of drugs as a human right (Elliott, Csete, Wood, and Kerr 2005; Lines and Elliott 2007).

Understanding addiction requires a comprehensive approach that considers biological, psychological, and social factors—known collectively as the biopsychosocial model (Masiak, 2013). This model provides a holistic framework for exploring the causes, progression, and treatment of addiction. Realizing a neurobiological or genetic susceptibility to addiction could empower life planning and the avoidance of high-risk scenarios.